Hydrothermal Vents – Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration

By Diva Amon – University of Hawaii at Manoa
Deborah Glickson – NOAA Cooperative Institute for Ocean Exploration, Research, and Technology

**Figure 1:** Champagne vent, NW Eifuku seamount in the Marianas region. *Image courtesy of Submarine Ring of Fire 2014 – Ironman, NOAA/PMEL, NSF.*

When most people think of the deep sea around the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) and the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument (MTMNM), they immediately think “the deepest part of the ocean.” And while the Mariana Trench is amazingly cool, there are other equally awesome habitats within the monument, such as hydrothermal vents.

The Mariana Trench is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a tectonically active region where plates are colliding with each other, causing subduction (where one plate dives beneath another) or transform faulting (where plates slide by one another). The old seafloor of the Pacific Plate is subducting beneath the eastern part of the Mariana Plate, causing the mantle to melt and magma to rise, feeding the active volcanoes of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana volcanic arc system.

West of the arc volcanoes is the back-arc, a zone of extensional tectonics that causes spreading in the overriding plate and forms new oceanic crust. As seawater percolates downward through the oceanic crust, it becomes superheated and chemical-rich, eventually getting so buoyant that it comes back out at the seafloor surface. When the super-hot vent fluid meets the very cold water (2°C) of the deep sea, minerals that are carried in the fluid precipitate out of solution, forming spectacular vent chimneys (Figures 1, 2). This chemical-rich vent fluid is also the source of life for much of the vent biota.

**Figure 2:** Hydrothermal vent plume visualization at 17°N. The cross-section shows particle and oxidation-reduction potential anomalies, indicators of vent activity. *Image courtesy of the Schmidt Ocean Institute.*

Chemoautotrophic bacteria use chemicals such as sulfides and methane as a source of energy to produce organic material. The process, called chemosynthesis, occurs in a similar way to which plants use sunlight via photosynthesis. Chemosynthetic bacteria are then grazed on by heterotrophs, which in turn are eaten by larger predators. Some of these bacteria even live inside vent fauna (such as tubeworms and Bathymodiolus mussels, Figure 3) or grow on specialized appendages (such as those seen on vent shrimp and Kiwa crabs).

**Figure 3:** A biological community of mussels, shrimp, and limpets living at NW Eifuku seamount in the Marianas region. *Image courtesy of Submarine Ring of Fire 2014 – Ironman, NOAA/PMEL, NSF.*

As food is plentiful and easy to obtain at hydrothermal vents, these hot springs are oases of life in the deep sea. Animals are present in very high abundances, but there tends to be lower diversity, with communities being dominated by only a few taxa. Vent fauna tends to be similar regionally, but not globally, much like how similar animals are found on one continent but not between continents. However, we almost always find new species at every vent site we explore.

While some vents in the CNMI and MTMNM have been visited previously, there is still much to be discovered. These vents are unique in their sheer diversity – there are black smokers filled with sulfide minerals, liquid carbon dioxide vents at the NW Eifuku volcano, and even craters erupting molten sulfur! The volcanic arc is known to host at least twenty vent fields that support a broad range of organisms, including gastropods, mussels, tubeworms, galatheid crabs, and shrimps.

Exploring hydrothermal vents is so exciting because it teaches us about the limits of life – organisms living there have to deal with mind-boggling extremes of temperature and chemistry!